Here is the title pate of The Elegant Extracts, of Prose, which is referred to by Harriet as making up part of Robert Martin’s reading material.I do apologise for the slight fuzziness of the picture,but I could not press the book too hard while scanning it,as it is very delicate.I hope you can forigve me.

Why did JA choose to tell us about this item in Robert Martins collection of books?

Let’s look a little at the history of the these book and their author .

These books, and the companion anthology, Elegant Extacts in Verse, were collated by Vicesimus Knox.

He became the Headmaster of Tonbridge School in Kent and was famous for his liberal, enlightened views on education which were influenced by the teachings of John Locke.

Knox promoted the reading of fiction as a means of exercising the imagination and encouraging critical and creative thought.

His book Liberal Education(1781) has some interesting points to make about education, and he was particularly scathing about the shortcomings of the state of university education in the late 18th century.

He had attended Oxford from 1771 –1778 and seems to disapproved of the somewhat immoral regime there. He asserted in his book, that :

to send a son to either university without the safeguard of a private tutor would probably “make shipwreck of his learning, his morals, his health and his fortune.

He suggested reforms to the university system in his pamphlet A Letter to Lord North, which Knox addressed to the Oxford Chancellor in 1789. This pamphlet suggested the intervention of Parliament, and advocated a stricter discipline, a diminution of personal expenses, the strengthening of the collegiate system, an increase in the number of college tutors, the cost to be met by doubling tuition fees and abolishing “useless” professors, with confiscation of their endowments. College tutors were to exercise a parental control over their pupils, and professors not of the “useless” order were to lecture thrice weekly in every term, or resign

Here is an extract from one of his essays: On the Spirit of Despotism:

Ignorance of the grossest kind, ignorance of man's nature and rights, ignorance of all that tends to make and keep us happy, disgraces and renders wretched more than half the earth, at this moment, in consequence of its subjugation to despotic power. Ignorance, robed in imperial purple, with pride and cruelty by her side, sways an iron sceptre over more than one hemisphere. In the finest and largest regions of this planet which we inhabit, there are no liberal pursuits and professions, no contemplative delights, nothing of that pure, intellectual employment which raises man from the mire of sensuality and sordid care, to a degree of excellence and dignity, which we conceive to be angelic and celestial. Without knowledge or the means of obtaining it, without exercise or excitements, the mind falls into a state of infantile imbecility and dotage; or acquires a low cunning, intent only on selfish and mean pursuits, such as is visible in the more ignoble of the irrational creatures, in foxes, apes, and monkies. Among nations so corrupted, the utmost effort of genius is a court intrigue or a ministerial cabal."

The Spirit of Depsotism (1795),

Hmm…I wonder if we know anyone in Highbury who could benefit from a little lessening of her ignorance?

Back to Mr Knox.

In all, he sounds rather like the type of teacher of whom George Austen would have approved. I wonder if the Extracts were part of his library at Steventon ; perhaps he used them to prepare his pupils for entry to public school? Certainly JA may have read them herself, or at lest knew of the Elegant Extracts in Verse. In her comic poem “I’ve a pain in my head” (written as an account of her visit to Mr Newnham an apothecary with a relation of her brother Edward’s tenants in Chawton), she parodies a poem entitled “The Doctor and the Patient” which is to be found in Knoxs’s books. Who knows…

The prose books ( of which I have a copy)were collections of essays from publications such as the Rambler, Spectator and the Idler and also contain extracts from works by leading modern authors such as Gilpin , Swift, the Scot Hugh Blair, French philosophers such as Voltaire and classical authors such as Pliny

The books were used a standard texts is schools for years: indeed, this was the use for which Knox explicitly intended for his books, for he believed in the reading of fiction as a means of exercising the imagination and critical and creative thought.

The books “are calculated for classical schools, and for those in which English only is taught”. The extracts “may be usefully read at the grammar schools, by explaining everything grammatically, historically, metrically and critically, and then giving a portion to be learned by memory’ (See Extracts inVerse, preface).

In 1810 Wordsworth wrote that Elegant Extracts in Verse ‘is circulated everywhere and in fact constitutes at this day the poetical library of our Schools’.

In 1843 Robert Chambers, introducing his own Cyclopaedia of English Literature says it will take the place of Knox's Extracts which, ‘after long enjoying popularity as a selection of polite literature for youths between school and college’ has now ‘sunk out of notice’.

The three volumes of Vicesimus Knox's anthologies were both expensive and popular: Elegant Extracts in Prose (1783), and Elegant Extracts in Verse (c. 1780) had each at least 15 editions, and Elegant Epistles (1790) had at least 10. Each volume was issued in an abridged form, but in only one or two editions. The unabridged volumes had each about 1000 pages and sold for five guineas. Which was a considerable amount in the late 18th /early 19th century

So what does this tell us about Robert Martin who reads these books? That he is , I think , certainly better read than Harriet and quite possibly, Emma. It is quite ironic that the girl who can make fine reading lists but never completes her task, is able to dismiss a man who even though he reads only extracts of works, is probably much better read than herself,IMHO.

Another point to bear in mind is that he, or at least his family, is prepared to spend quite large amounts of money on books, even though their income would not match Emma’s.

To conclude, I am sure JA really did approve of this young gentleman ,trying to improve himself by extensive reading such books as came his way.

I think it is interesting that JA provides a little insight into Robert Martin ‘s depth of understanding by letting us know that he reads such books as these.